Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease also known as GERD for short is a chronic digestive condition in which stomach acid and other contents flow back (reflux) into the esophagus. Normally, after swallowing, the LES closes tightly to prevent stomach acid from flowing backward into the esophagus. However, in people with GERD, the LES may relax abnormally or weaken, allowing stomach acid and digestive enzymes to reflux into the esophagus. This reflux can occur intermittently or persistently, leading to chronic symptoms.
GERD is caused by several factors, however, the primary cause of GERD is a weakening or relaxation of the esophageal sphincter (LES) which prevents stomach contents from flowing back up. Other causes include obesity/ excess weight which can put pressure on the stomach, pregnancy, spicy foods acidic items, alcohol, and caffeine. Additionally, some medications can relax the LES like blood pressure drugs, and a hiatal hernia where the part of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm muscle. Diagnosis of GERD typically involves a thorough medical history, physical examination, and sometimes diagnostic tests such as upper endoscopy (to visualize the esophagus and stomach), esophageal pH monitoring (to measure acid levels in the esophagus), and esophageal manometry (to assess esophageal muscle function).
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The most common symptom of GERD is heartburn, a burning sensation in the chest that often occurs after eating or when lying down. Other symptoms may include regurgitation of sour-tasting liquid or food, difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), chest pain, chronic cough, hoarseness, and a sensation of a lump in the throat (Globus sensation). Treatment for GERD aims to relieve symptoms, heal esophageal inflammation, and prevent complications. This may involve lifestyle modifications (e.g., dietary changes, weight loss, avoiding trigger foods), medications (e.g., proton pump inhibitors, H2 receptor blockers, antacids), and in severe cases, surgical interventions (such as fundoplication).
In conclusion, if left untreated, GERD can lead to complications such as esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus), esophageal strictures (narrowing of the esophagus), Barrett’s esophagus (a precancerous condition), and an increased risk of esophageal cancer. Also, seeking guidance from a healthcare professional is crucial for developing an effective treatment plan.